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''Graham's Magazine'' was a nineteenth-century periodical based in Philadelphia established by George Rex Graham and published from 1841 to 1858. It was alternatively referred to as ''Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine'' (1841-1842, and July 1843 - June 1844), ''Graham's Magazine of Literature and Art'' (January 1844 - June 1844), ''Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature and Art'' (July 1848 - June 1856), and ''Graham's Illustrated Magazine of Literature, Romance, Art, and Fashion'' (July 1856 - 1858).〔(''The Casket'', and ''Graham's Magazine'' ) at the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore online. Accessed June 11, 2008〕 The journal was founded after the merger of ''Burton's Gentleman's Magazine'' and ''Atkinson's Casket'' in 1840. Publishing short stories, critical reviews, and music as well as information on fashion, Graham intended the journal to reach all audiences including both men and women. He offered the high payment of $5 per page, successfully attracting some of the best-known writers of the day. It also became known for its engravings and artwork. ''Graham's'' may have been the first magazine in the United States to copyright each issue. Edgar Allan Poe became the editor of ''Graham's'' in February 1841 and soon was publishing the harsh critical reviews for which he became known. It was also where he first published "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", now recognized as the first detective story. After Poe left the journal, his successor was Rufus Wilmot Griswold, a man who bitterly disliked Poe. ''Graham's'' began rejecting Poe's submissions and passed up the chance to publish "The Raven". Graham left his magazine for a time in 1848 and it eventually ceased in 1858. ==History== In December 1840, Graham had just acquired ''Burton's Gentleman's Magazine'' for $3,500, paying a dollar for each of its 3,500 subscribers,〔Silverman, Kenneth. ''Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance''. Harper Perennial, 1991: 162. ISBN 0-06-092331-8〕 and merged it with another recently purchased magazine, ''Atkinson's Casket'', which only had 1500 subscribers.〔Sova, Dawn B. ''Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z''. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 39. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X〕 The ''Casket'', subtitled "Flowers of Literature, Wit, and Sentiment" had been in existence since 1826 and, despite the small subscriber base, was flourishing financially.〔Hutchisson, James M. ''Poe''. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005: 108. ISBN 1-57806-721-9〕 Graham intended his new magazine to be popular amongst both men and women, containing fashion, photographs, music, short stories and critical reviews.〔 He also hoped to reach out to both mainstream audiences and those with more refined tastes.〔Pattee, Fred Lewis. ''The First Century of American Literature: 1770–1870''. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966: 498.〕 Graham was not a writer himself, other than a section at the back of each issue called "Graham's Small Talk", and so relied heavily on contributors.〔Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. ''The Literary History of Philadelphia''. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906: 275. ISBN 1-932109-45-5〕 To that end, Graham made sure it was popular amongst writers as a well-paying journal; the $5 standard become known as a "Graham page".〔Fisher, Benjamin Franklin. "Poe's 'Metzengerstein': Not a Hoax", ''On Poe: The Best from "American Literature"''. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993: 142.〕 Other journals at the time were paying the standard rate of $1 per page.〔Tomc, Sandra. "Poe and His Circle," as collected in ''The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe,'' Kevin J. Hayes, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 23. ISBN 0-521-79727-6〕 His attempt at attracting the best contributors worked: Contributors to the magazine included William Cullen Bryant, Nathaniel Hawthorne, James Russell Lowell,〔Harthorn, Steven P. "(Cooper's ''Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief'' as a Defense of Authorship )". Accessed June 11, 2008〕 Christopher Pearse Cranch, Fitz-Greene Halleck, George D. Prentice, Alice, Horace Binney Wallace,〔George E. Hatvary's ("Wallace, Horace Binney, 1817 - 1852: Criticism and Interpretation" ) (1977)〕 and Phoebe Cary.〔Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. ''The Literary History of Philadelphia''. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906: 269. ISBN 1-932109-45-5〕 Not all writers, however, were paid. A notice in the May 1841 issue read: James Fenimore Cooper was reportedly the highest-paid contributor to ''Graham's'', receiving $1,600 for the serial "The Islets of the Gulf, or Rose-Budd", later published as ''Jack Tier, or The Florida Reefs''. He received another $1,000 for a series of biographies on distinguished naval commanders.〔Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. ''The Literary History of Philadelphia''. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906: 273. ISBN 1-932109-45-5〕 ''Graham's'' at one point was advertised as having the most distinctive list of contributors ever achieved by any American magazine.〔 Graham's boasted that many issues of his magazine cost $1,500 for "authorship" alone.〔Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. ''The Literary History of Philadelphia''. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906: 274. ISBN 1-932109-45-5〕 ''Graham's'' may have been the first magazine in America to copyright each issue.〔 By March 1842, ''Graham's Magazine'' was issuing 40,000 copies. This boom was reflective of a changing market in American readership.〔Silverman, Kenneth: ''Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance''. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 174. ISBN 0-06-092331-8〕 John Sartain believed its success was due to the appeal of the engravings he provided for each issue.〔Quinn, Arthur Hobson. ''Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998: 330. ISBN 0-8018-5730-9〕 ''The Saturday Evening Post'' reported that the August 1841 issue of ''Graham's'' cost $1,300 for these "embellishments".〔Thomas, Dwight & David K. Jackson. ''The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849''. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987: 337. ISBN 0-8161-8734-7〕 The ''Post'' reported April 30, 1842: "It is doubtful, if engravings of equal beauty ever adorned an American work".〔Thomas, Dwight & David K. Jackson. ''The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849''. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987: 364. ISBN 0-8161-8734-7〕 Typical engravings in ''Graham's'' included bridges, happy maids, and scenes which focused on peaceful domestic life and promoted marriage.〔 The editorial staff grew to include "two lady editors", Ann S. Stephens and Emma Catherine Embury.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Graham's Magazine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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